en Challenges of Fetal Rights under Economic Hardship: A Qualitative Study from Iran مروری Review Article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="line-height:115%">While fetal rights are gaining momentum in global health, ethics and legal discourses, they are still below par in socioeconomic policy frameworks. Access to prenatal services and family decision-making in Iran faces increased challenges due to both current international economic sanctions and recently introduced pronatalist population policies that have intersected with long-standing structural economic hardships. This study investigates the challenges concerning fetal rights in the context of Iranian families&#39; economic difficulties. The focused qualitative analysis was derived from the broader mixed-methods research titled &ldquo;Policy Analysis for Developing a Charter of Fetal Rights in Iran&rdquo;. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 participants (5 parents, 6 healthcare providers, 4 legal experts, 4 religious scholars and 6 policy specialists). Key informants such as legal experts, theologians and policymakers were recruited using purposive sampling to ensure diversity of professional perspectives, while snowball sampling was applied primarily for parents due to accessibility challenges. Recruitment continued until data saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using the conventional content analysis method by Zhang and Wildemuth in eight stages, supported by the MAXQDA software (version 2020). Content analysis revealed that the central theme was &ldquo;Fetal Rights in the Context of Economic Hardship&rdquo;, which encompassed four interrelated subcategories: 1. Financial barriers to accessing specialized prenatal screening services under limited insurance coverage; 2. Occupational insecurity and informal employment conditions during pregnancy; 3. Anticipatory economic anxiety regarding long-term childrearing expenses under unstable economic conditions; 4. Insufficient institutional welfare mechanisms and fragmented family-based support systems. The factors of economic vulnerability were found to be one of the structural determinants affecting maternal well-being and fetal health outcomes. Economic hardship and insufficient structural support indirectly affect maternal physical and mental health, thereby constraining the realization of fetal rights. Economic safety nets should therefore be incorporated into maternal and fetal health policies, including expanded insurance coverage for prenatal diagnostic services and targeted financial and nutritional programs for economically disadvantaged pregnant women.</span></span></span></div> <span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">While fetal rights are gaining momentum in global health, ethics and legal discourses, they are still below par in socioeconomic policy frameworks. Access to prenatal services and family decision-making in Iran faces increased challenges due to both current international economic sanctions and recently introduced pronatalist population policies that have intersected with long-standing structural economic hardships. This study investigates the challenges concerning fetal rights in the context of Iranian families&#39; economic difficulties. The focused qualitative analysis was derived from the broader mixed-methods research titled &ldquo;Policy Analysis for Developing a Charter of Fetal Rights in Iran&rdquo;. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 participants (5 parents, 6 healthcare providers, 4 legal experts, 4 religious scholars and 6 policy specialists). Key informants such as legal experts, theologians and policymakers were recruited using purposive sampling to ensure diversity of professional perspectives, while snowball sampling was applied primarily for parents due to accessibility challenges. Recruitment continued until data saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using the conventional content analysis method by Zhang and Wildemuth in eight stages, supported by the MAXQDA software (version 2020). Content analysis revealed that the central theme was &ldquo;Fetal Rights in the Context of Economic Hardship&rdquo;, which encompassed four interrelated subcategories: 1. Financial barriers to accessing specialized prenatal screening services under limited insurance coverage; 2. Occupational insecurity and informal employment conditions during pregnancy; 3. Anticipatory economic anxiety regarding long-term childrearing expenses under unstable economic conditions; 4. Insufficient institutional welfare mechanisms and fragmented family-based support systems. The factors of economic vulnerability were found to be one of the structural determinants affecting maternal well-being and fetal health outcomes. Economic hardship and insufficient structural support indirectly affect maternal physical and mental health, thereby constraining the realization of fetal rights. Economic safety nets should therefore be incorporated into maternal and fetal health policies, including expanded insurance coverage for prenatal diagnostic services and targeted financial and nutritional programs for economically disadvantaged pregnant women.</span></span></span> Fetal Rights, Socioeconomic Factors,Prenatal Care, Maternal Health, Government Support, Economic Challenges Fetal Rights, Socioeconomic Factors,Prenatal Care, Maternal Health, Government Support, Economic Challenges 22 34 http://ijmedicallaw.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2527-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Sepideh Panjalipour Kakrodi Sepideh Panjalipour Kakrodi 100319475328460015874 100319475328460015874 No Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Mohamad Mosadeghrad Ali Mohamad Mosadeghrad 100319475328460015875 100319475328460015875 No School of Public Health, Health Information Management Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. School of Public Health, Health Information Management Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyede Tahereh Mirmolaei Seyede Tahereh Mirmolaei 100319475328460015876 100319475328460015876 No Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahmoud Abbassi Mahmoud Abbassi 100319475328460015877 100319475328460015877 No . Medical Law and Ethics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Medical Law and Ethics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shirin Shahbazi Sighaldeh Shirin Shahbazi Sighaldeh shahbazishirin@yahoo.com 100319475328460015878 100319475328460015878 Yes Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Midwifery and Reproductive Health Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.