1 2008-4390 Dr. Mahmoud Abbasi 982 Place of Inidividual Citizenship Rights in Iranian Jurisprudence and Legal System Afshar Ahmadi Iraj b Rohani Moqaddam Mohammad c Aqai Bejestani Maryam d b Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran c Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. (Corresponding Author) d Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 7 22 01 10 2018 17 02 2019 Individual citizenship rights or the regulations and rules that determine the boundaries between individual rights and the jurisdictions of government are among the key discussions in the contemporary world. In Islamic government of Iran the relationship between individual rights and government is of specific place and individual rights have been explained in full details in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran and it has not remained silent in this regard; because Iranian constitutional law is mainly driven from Islamic jurisprudence and its most important part is the delineation of the basic rights and freedoms of individuals which is in line with Islamic values. Although in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran the terms citizen and citizenship rights have not been used there are still other relevant terms like nation's rights, public rights, general rights, individual and social rights which have been frequently used; needless to say, their comprehensive explanation requires deep and detailed research. Then, the current study seeks to determine the place of individual rights of citizens in Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law and at the same time provide a short outline of its relevant general regulations and rules. Please cite this article as: Afshar Ahmadi I, Rohani Moqaddam M, Aqai Bejestani M. Place of Inidividual Citizenship Rights in Iranian Jurisprudence and Legal System. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 7-22.
983 The Analysis of Differences of Women’s Rights in Emamiyeh Jurisprudence and Article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (Focusing on Employment, Childbearing and Custody) Salimi Mahnaz e Ayati Seyd MohamdReza f Mahdavi Seyed Mohammad Hadi g e in Theology - Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Islamic Azad University, Njafabad Branch, Njafabad, Iran. (Corresponding Author) f in Theology - Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran g in Private law, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 23 31 18 04 2018 03 09 2018 Marriage entails a number of rights and responsibilities for every couple (man and wife). In Islamic jurisprudence, these rights and responsibilities have differences with regard to some notes belonging to the article 16 of the convention concerning the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. This being the case, the present study, through descriptive content analysis, has attempted to study and analyze such laws while placing emphasis on the equal rights for the couple, including the right of child-bearing, custody and employment. Yet, the main question here is what the main differences are and how they should be brought to a minimum. Such ambiguity being the case, the present study, through descriptive content analysis, has reached the conclusion that there are differences between the article 16 of the convention and the Islamic laws; concerning the article 16 of the convention (custodianship), the status of this article is superior to the women’s custodianship in Islamic Law, therefore, a shift in the attitude and status of custodianship is necessary. Prevention of undue employment for the couple in Islamic law is equally conducted. Maintaining such equality is suggestive of Islamic justice; therefore, it can be said that Iran’s law system is more superb than the convention which has included no constraint. Please cite this article as: Salimi M, Ayati SMR, Mahdavi SMH. The Analysis of Differences of Women’s Rights in Emamiyeh Jurisprudence and Article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (Focusing on Employment, Childbearing and Custody). Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 23-31. 1005 Investigating the Role of Gender Justice in Sustainable Urban and Rural Development in Kashan Maghsoodi Bidgoli Mehdi h Jahanbakhsh Esmaeil i Haghighatian Mansour j h Department of Sociology, Dehaghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan, Iran i Department of Sociology, Dehaghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan, Iran j Department of Sociology, Dehaghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 33 45 08 10 2018 18 03 2019 Gender justice is a very important subject in the area of development in such a way that achievement of gender justice is very necessary for the countries’ economy as reported by the global bank. The undeniable fact is that gender justice and equality are not the only demand of human main right and social justice rather they are required as a means of and a prerequisite to the development. Therefore, the present article’s objective is comparative study of the role of gender justice in Kashan’s work market parallel to the creation of sustainable development in urban and rural regions. The study population included the residents of Kashan out of whom 384 individuals were selected as the study sample volume based on multistage cluster sampling method. Factor analysis was the method of choice for investigating the validity and construct validity was utilized for measuring the reliability. The results indicated that the variables "women’s access to the job opportunities" 0.35, "genders stereotypes in the area of women employment" -0.32, "men’s emphasis on the women’s house responsibilities" -0.38 and "the amount and type of the women’s technical instruction and training" 0.53 are associated with sustainable development in Kashan. Please cite this article as: Maghsoodi Bidgoli M, Jahanbakhsh E, Haghighatian M. Investigating the Role of Gender Justice in Sustainable Urban and Rural Development in Kashan. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 33-45. 1175 Investigating the Feasibility of Replacing the Imprisonment Stemming from Financial Convictions with an Approach to the Observance of the Inmates’ Citizenship Rights Siamitekmehdash Parisa k Baharloee Siyamak l Panjepour Javad m k Faculty of Human Science and law, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan )Khorasgan), Iran l Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran m Faculty of Human Science and Law, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan), Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 47 56 28 07 2018 09 01 2019 The defendant’s incarceration is one of the most important solutions to the achievement of the thing to which s/he is sentenced and it is carried out in a resort to the mechanisms specified by the legislator in the special law on the method of enforcing the financial convictions. The present study’s goal is the analytical-descriptive investigation and interdisciplinary examination of the individuals’ financial convictions as a result of their falling short of liquidating their debts to the others from the perspectives of the criminal rules and Iran’s statutory provisions as well as the theology field of the study; it also aims at analyzing the nature of such a type of incarceration, its conditions and barriers and offering of solutions for its replacement. The general result of the present study is that the legal nature of the incarceration should be accepted in financial convictions according to the jurisprudential and legal documents and proofs posited in the body of the present research so that it can be considered as a punishment. This has also been accepted and confirmed in the texts of the Islamic sciences. The necessary conditions for the incarceration of the defendant would be the impossibility of retrieving the thing to which s/he has been sentenced through ways mentioned in the law on the method of enforcing the financial convictions and the plaintiff’s demand and the barriers to such an incarceration, as well, would be the acceptance of insolvency, debt payoff and/or the creditor’s consent. On the other hand, since incarceration is a ground for the real perception of the debtor’s financial status and a way of liquidating the liabilities hence lacking any topicality, it seems that it can be replaced by other ways lacking its harms. Please cite this article as: Siamitekmehdash P, Baharloee S, Panjepour J. Investigating the Feasibility of Replacing the Imprisonment Stemming from Financial Convictions with an Approach to the Observance of the Inmates’ Citizenship Rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 47-56. 1040 The Status of Socio-Economic Rights in Islamic Human Rights from the Viewpoint of Islamic Jurisprudence Toutounchian Mehri n n Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 57 71 12 02 2019 12 06 2019 Human rights have different aspects and definitions in various religions, schools and ideologies. Nonetheless, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is followed by the United Nations, is recognized as the true and official document between different countries. In its ideal sense, human rights seek to uphold the rights of citizens regardless of race, color, beliefs and religion. Thus it pursues its own political, social, economic, cultural and civil goals and programs. From this perspective, jurisprudence as the source of legislation in Islamic law has vast human rights capacities, in which socio-economic rights are of prime importance. In this approach, the established rules of jurisprudence do not contradict the general tenets of human rights, and it provides a more ideal way for fulfilling human rights in a variety of form, such as preserving human dignity, creating individual and collective comfort, maintaining the rights of citizens, providing individual and collective freedoms, and preparing social and economic programs. Therefore, it can serve as a basis for Islamic human rights. Please cite this article as: Toutounchian M. The Status of Socio-Economic Rights in Islamic Human Rights from the Viewpoint of Islamic Jurisprudence. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 57-71. 1010 Investigation of Legal and Jurisprudential Basic of Formal Transactions with an Approach to Citizenship Rights Mousavi Roghieh Sadat Azimi Garakani Hadi p p Islamic Law Jurisprudence and Basics, Tehran Central Branch, Azad Islamic University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 73 86 19 09 2018 17 04 2019 Citizens' rights is one of the important issues in the current society that That people have it due to membership in a nation-state In terms of civil, political, social and economic rights, In the light of two principles of human dignity and social justice. It is considered as one of the most important fundamental rights of individuals, that considering it as one of the indicators of the stability of economic security, especially in the area of transactions, it seems necessary. Economic security is the most important issue in citizens' rights, which requires the existence of healthy business relations between citizens and the Coagulation of transactions in a reassuring place and therefore the property of individuals should be protected from any violation and aggression. The legislator considers the security and accuracy of transactions in related to intention of the actual creation of the contract companions. But in some cases, individuals destroys others Dignity by various motivations And escaping legal constraints and they take action to Coagulations that there is no real intention to do it. From the examples of such transactions, can refer to unconscious child, comatose, mad and Drunk person and, most importantly, formal transaction in order to escape depts. Which is one of the most prominent trades that is devoid of serious will. The formal transaction is a condition in which the sids apparently pretend to have established a contract, but do not actually adhere to its provisions and there is no real intention to establish a legal relationship. The formal transactions in jurisprudence and in Iranian law are False. It is due to the lack of real intention and legal protection of citizens, especially creditors and the securing of void transactions. It seems that the weakness of citizens' awareness about the effects and consequences of this kind of transactions and the non-compliance with the ethics and principles of citizenship rights, including the principle of dignity, security and justice, provide the necessary context for the prevalence of these transactions. The present study uses a library research method to investigate the legal and juridical foundations of non-serious transactions as well as the relation of these transactions with citizenship rights. Please cite this article as: Mousavi RS, Azimi Garakani H. Investigation of Legal and Jurisprudential Basic of Formal Transactions with an Approach to Citizenship Rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 73-86. 999 Jurisprudential Evidence of Population Control in Islamic Citizenship Rights with an Emphasis on the Principle of Expediency (Maslahat) Varzi Fatemeh Ahangaran Mohammad Rasool Aghaie Bajestani Maryam in Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Semanan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Semanan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 87 98 16 12 2018 04 05 2019 Population control is a deliberately change in the population growth rate, which aims to reduce population. This policy is usually adopted with consideration of the natural, economic and social conditions and facilities in a Society, Which is in the Islamic society and in the presence of the jurisprudents, have adversaries and opponents. Usually Population control is also associated with citizenship rights because it deals with the political, economic and social life of mankind. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer this question that: To what extent can the adoption of population control policies in the Islamic society be protecting or violating of citizenship rights? The hypothesis is that the existence of the principle of expediency, as the main reason for the ruler of the Islamic society, provides a Possible that He Take action to regulating the population of the citizens and preserving the interests of the Islamic community. The results of this study indicate that the population regulation policies, including the reduction or increase of population by the Islamic ruler, indicate that these decisions are compatible with the interests of the Islamic community and do not violate citizenship rights. The research approach is descriptive-analytic, which has taken action by library method for collect information. Please cite this article as: Varzi F, Ahangaran MR, Aghaei Bajestani M. Jurisprudential Evidence of Population Control in Islamic Citizenship Rights with an Emphasis on the Principle of Expediency (Maslahat). Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 87-98. 1011 An Investigation of the Components of Citizenship Rights in Islamic Civilization: Focusing on Verses of Holy Quran Mohammadi Soleymani Yousef of the Department of Islamic Teachings, School of Literature and Humanities, Velayat University, Iranshahr, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 99 110 22 05 2018 21 01 2019 Today citizenship rights have been taken into account as one of the basic components of various political systems. Although citizenship rights have relatively universal foundations including equality and justice, freedom, tolerance, civil ethics and human dignity, conceptions and definitions of citizenship rights by political schools and ideologies are different. While in western civilization the emphasis is laid on the centrality of liberty, liberalism and secular human rights, other civilizations including Islamic civilization are grounded upon the centrality of religion in the determination of social and political values. On the other hand, civilization as the totality of the practical achievements of human life insists on such features as justice, knowledge, intellection, thinking and civility and thus it has certain similarities to citizenship rights. Now the basic question of the current research is this: what are the basic components of citizenship rights in Islamic civilization? Among the results of present study one can refer to the idea that citizenship intended by Islamic civilization is dependent upon going beyond the ordinary notion of citizenship in western civilization and such concepts as theocentrism and divinity, justice administration, ethicalism, tolerance, intellection and thinking. Moreover, in Islamic civilization citizenship is based on the rights and responsibilities and the golden principle, "Every one of you is responsible and accountable before the citizens", represents its building block. Given the subject-matter of current study we have taken advantage of the descriptive-analytic approach together with the library and documented method. Furthermore, we have gathered the required data via evaluation of the scientific articles in this field. Please cite this article as: Mohammadi Soleymani Y. An Investigation of the Components of Citizenship Rights in Islamic Civilization: Focusing on Verses of Holy Quran. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 99-110. 1063 The Role of International Islamic Court in Supporting the Islamic Citizenship Rights Farzi AliReza Jalali Mahmoud Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran Department of Law, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. (Corresponding Author) 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 111 123 02 01 2020 09 01 2020 The Islamic Countries’ Organization or its new title “Islamic Cooperation Organization” has the capacity and potential for coherence and partnership in international affairs and the newly emerging issues due to the principles and premises shared by the member countries in regard of Islam and the Quranic teachings and instructions; in line with this, there are enacted rules and regulations in supporting the Islamic citizenship rights in the hope of setting the grounds for growth and development and this issue has been even taken into account in the organization itself in such a way that it has led to the establishment of the Islamic Justice Court as the main pillar of the International Islamic Court between the member countries in Kuwait Conference. However, there are many barriers and problems, including Islamic creeds and religions’ differences, conflicting and challenging interests between the member countries, competitions and, subsequently, regional discrepancies and short-sightedness and biases and prejudices between the influential states and countries in this organization, that have barred the blossoming of the important and influential capacity of such an international court amongst the Islamic countries. Please cite this article as:  Farzi AR, Jalali M. The Role of International Islamic Court in Supporting the Islamic Citizenship Rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 111-123. 1041 Philosophical and Legal Foundations of Childhood and Adolescence from the Perspective of Convention on the Rights of the Child Jafari Afshin Esmaeelpoor Heydar Payame-Noor University, P.O.BOX: 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Payame-Noor University, P.O.BOX: 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 125 138 18 04 2018 03 09 2018 Islam, as the most complete religion, has given a program of human life that can easily reach its perfection and prosperity, and that education is among the areas of human perfection and attention to these results has resulted in fruitful results in the field of human behavior. One of the characteristics of the subject of education is the stages of human life that are divided into childhood, childhood, adolescence, puberty and aging. The purpose of the present study is to study the philosophy of life-critical life of the childhood and adolescence and the role of child's education in achieving perfection in two areas of international law such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the religious teachings inherited from the Ahle-Beyt (AS). The results of the research show that the threefold relationship between parents, children and God is based on love and affection, and the lack of this Islamic dough on human personality is diminished. The customs and practices of familiarizing with religion and its implementation in the field of education and sexual issues are among those that have a certain rule and instruction in Islamic teachings. Islam is very sensitive to the education of children and has paid attention to their rights. So that in Islam, a child has rights both from birth and from pre-birth. In recent decades, attention has been paid to children and adolescents at the international level and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which is the most important document in support of this stratum, has been drafted and approved. Although the convention has strengths and disadvantages, it has, in its turn, been lacerated. Please cite this article as: Jafari A, Esmaeelpoor H. Philosophical and Legal Foundations of Childhood and Adolescence from the Perspective of Convention on the Rights of the Child. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 125-138 1017 Income on the Ratio of Economic Corruption and Political Development and Civil Rights and Human Rights (With Emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Years 1989-2013) Mohammadi Ali Zargar Ali Asghar Amini Ali Akbar Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Central, Tehran, Iran of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 139 151 23 08 2018 15 03 2019 Corruption is considered to be one of the main challenges of Islamic Republic of Iran. This challenge particularly in economic, administrative and social domains has given rise to numerous difficulties. For example, in the domain of citizenship rights it has led to the creation of discrimination, social and political inequalities, lack of accountability before the citizens and also the lack of suitable mechanism for dealing with the economic and political crimes. The current essay is an effort for studying the most important representations of corruption after Revolution and providing the required solutions for its prevention. For this reason the following questions are raised: what are the effects of corruption on citizenship rights in Islamic Republic of Iran? What are the legal and practical solutions for each one of them? According to the results of the present study, development and expansion of freedoms mentioned in the Constitution, recreation of the role and place of the Inspection Organization and Administrative Supreme Court as well as avoiding parallel works in the institutions and decisive fight against corruption can prevent from the corruption in a desirable way and protect the citizenship rights. The present study takes advantage of descriptive-analytic method and its data have been gathered via library studies. Please cite this article as: Mohammadi A, Zargar AA, Amini AA. Income on the Ratio of Economic Corruption and Political Development and Civil Rights and Human Rights (With Emphasis on the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Years 1989-2013). Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 139-151. 1018 Relationship between Human Rights and Criminalization of Two Titles of Waging War and Corruption on Earth Rurdeh Halimeh Mohseni Dehkalani Mohammd Ruhani Moqadam Mohammad of Department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, Islamic Azad University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran of Department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran. (Corresponding Author) of Department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, Islamic Azad University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 153 169 16 08 2018 06 02 2019 Waging war and corruption on earth are among the crimes against security which have been criminalized after Islamic Revolution based on the verses 32 and 33 of Surah Al-Ma'ida. Of course, some examples of them can be seen in the public penal code before Revolution. These two titles have been simultaneously used in Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1982 and given the existing ambiguities they have not experienced major developments in the law adopted in 1991. However, in the law adopted in 2013 some fundamental and positive developments have taken place and they have been given independent criminal titles because the examples of waging War have been eliminated and restricted to its cases. Other examples have been presented in the form of the crime of corruption and rebellion. With the changes that have been made in the concept and extensions of the waging war following the examples that exist in other relevant codes under the title of waging war or semi-rebellion if they do not fit with the waging war, they should be changed or have to be interpreted based on other legal articles like rebellion and corruption on earth. Most of the previous extensions of corruption on earth must be considered based on the article 286 of Islamic Penal Code in view of the rules of human rights as well as human dignity and principle of justice. Execution is not justifiable for some of these extensions because it leads to the criticisms of many of the native and foreign legal experts against this type of criminalization that is considered to be an example of violation of human rights. Nevertheless, Islamic Sharia with the dignity and stature that has given mankind is itself a proponent of human rights. Then, at first sight, criminalization of waging war and corruption on earth might seem to be in conflict with human rights; while, not only this is not the case rather these two titles can help the realization of human rights. The punishment of execution is not in conflict with the right of life and inhumane. Please cite this article as: Rurdeh H, Mohseni Dehkalani M, Ruhani Moqadam M. Relationship between Human Rights and Criminalization of Two Titles of Waging War and Corruption on Earth, Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 153-169. 1015 Legitimate Challenges of the Atonement in the Law of Islamic Exilees 2013 with the Declaration of Liability and Respecting Human Rights in Iran Fathi Amirhoshang Hashemi Seyed Hossein Darabi Shahrdad Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran Mofid University, Qom, Iran. (Corresponding Author) of Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 171 192 01 10 2018 11 03 2019 Repentance as one of the most effective institutions in the Islamic Penal Law can serve as a punishment for punishment in customary law. Recognizing this Islamic founder in the criminal law will cause the criminal system, on the one hand, to justify the punishment for cases where the offender has not been prosecuted and his correction is punishable for the purpose of the abolition of punishment or the granting of a rebate, and, on the other hand, according to The rules of repentance, which determine the limits and limits of the law, will remain immune in the direction of the fall of the penalty of adopting approaches and discretion. In this regard, the author attempts to first explain the foundations and typology of repentance in terms of the rules of the criminal law and then, by studying how the legislator's policy in the New Islamic Penal Code is introduced, examines the place of repentance and how it affects punishment. Certainly, the adoption of any normative approach to repentance in criminal affairs, except through a jurisprudential reading of this Islamic establishment, will not be possible in the direction of the correct orientation to the legislative criminal policy. Please cite this article as: Fathi A, Hashemi SH, Darabi S. Legitimate Challenges of the Atonement in the Law of Islamic Exilees 92 with the Declaration of Liability and Respecting Human Rights in Iran. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 171-192.   1025 Criminology Influence of Cinematic on Children and Adolescents in Conflict with the Law and Victim Koosha Jafar Mozafarizade Sajad of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Law, UAE Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 193 206 06 12 2018 22 04 2019 Movies and TV shows as "cinematic" call. The identification and benchmarking juvenile character in the film is undeniable. The library criminological studies and field for the prevention of crimes perpetrated by the impact of this phenomenon is needed. Research scientist in the field 100 human and 68 of Correction and Rehabilitation Center patients and 50 normal children and adolescents were selected by simple random sampling. Questionnaires with SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient, the correlation between juvenile delinquency and the juvenile was shown with some variables. The results showed that children and adolescents are patterned films and through observational learning behaviors persist engaged in conflict with the law, as well as the relationship between watching films and viewing behavior is against the law. Learning criminal behavior of cinematographic works not necessarily lead to crime. The influence of the "genre" family, criminal and sexual behaviors such as theft crimes are different, genres criminal behaviors most affect children and adolescents is a crime against persons and property. Please cite this article as: Koosha J, Mozafarizade S. Criminology Influence of Cinematic on Children and Adolescents in Conflict with the Law and Victim. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 193-206. 1027 Common Principles of Western Human Rights and Islamic Human Rights from the Perspective of Humanitarian Jurisprudence with a Look at the Beliefs Verses of the Qur'an Abedi Mahjoubeh Vaziri Majid of Islamic Law, Centeral Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Centeral Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 207 221 31 12 2018 20 05 2019 Universal human rights have Common concepts with Islamic human rights, these Included justice and equality, freedom, human dignity, security and the right to freedom of thought and Opinion. Notwithstanding the existence of universal norms on human rights, which has been approved by international organizations, including the United Nations, There are still various Perceptions and interpretations of human rights. Among these differences are the fundamental differences between Islamic human rights and Western human rights, which in this regard offer different approaches. The present Research, for Examine their approaches, is trying to compare the two principles study and it tries explain Islamic human based on the Beliefs verses of the Qur'an. In this regard, these questions arise: What are the most important differences between Islamic and Western human rights?. What is the advantage of the idea of Islamic human rights over the Universal Human Rights, which has a western and secular basis?. The present research shows that the basis of universal human rights is natural or contractual and situational rights, while Islamic human rights is based on humanitarian jurisprudence and divine revelation. Western human rights is not universal and is more based on Western values and it designed for liberal democracy systems, but Islamic human rights on based of the inherent and acquired principle of human dignity, has a universal view. Western human rights have a negative mood also, but Islamic human rights have a positive approach. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical, that has collected information through a library and documentary approach. Please cite this article as: Abedi M, Vaziri M. Common Principles of Western Human Rights and Islamic Human Rights from the Perspective of Humanitarian Jurisprudence with a Look at the Beliefs Verses of the Qur'an. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 207-221. 1034 Cyber Terrorism: Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Mirbod Leila Salimi Sadegh Niavarani Saber Zamani Seyed Ghasem Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Divinity, Political Science and Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Aazad University, Tehran, Iran of International Law, Department of International Law, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran branch, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) of International Law, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Divinity, Political Science and Law, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran of International Law, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 223 240 06 07 2018 12 06 2019 Cyber terrorism occurs if the critical infrastructure of a state including air transportation, dams, nuclear power plants and power generation plants, banking and financial systems are attacked politically motivated or under the ideological actions aimed at forcing the government or organizations with a variety of malware weapons, and thereby causing fear and panic. There is no a comprehensive definition of terrorism on international community and even there is no compulsory comprehensive instrument on this issue, but this new form of terrorism along with other forms such as bioterrorism, nuclear terrorism and eco-terrorism may cause harmful damages compared to the classic types of terrorism. Cyber terrorism disturbs public order and therefore it is known as violating human rights law in each of its four generations in addition to breaches of the Peace and Security. The importance of addressing human rights violations by terrorists in the cyberspace, as well as in the context of the fight against cyber-terrorism, must be taken into account in a comprehensive response to this phenomenon. The current paper is a descriptive-analytical study. Data was collected using library sources. Please cite this article as: Mirbod L, Salimi S, Niavarani S, Zamani SQ. Cyber Terrorism: Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 223-240. 1031 Physicians’ Exoneration by Resort to the Axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" [Waiver of what is Probable to Come about] Yousefvand Zeinab Ahmadi Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Moradkhani Ahmad Asgari Aliraza of Islamic Law Faculty of Human Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, lran Faculty of Human Science, Qom Branch, lslamic Azad University, Qom, lran. (Corresponding Author) Faculty of Human Science, Qom Branch, lslamic Azad University, Qom, lran Faculty of Human Science, Qom Branch, lslamic Azad University, Qom, lran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 241 252 28 07 2018 09 01 2019 It is quite common for the physicians to acquire letters of exoneration from the patients or their custodians before performing any special sort of treatment measures, including surgery, endoscopy, radiotherapy and so forth. The majority of Imamiyyeh jurisprudents have offered this jurisprudential solution within the format of the axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about" for relieving the corresponding physicians from the heavy load of responsibility. In fact, according to the well-known idea of Imamiyyeh jurisprudents, the knowledgeable and versatile physicians whose actions might result in the wastage of a body organ or life are held liable unless they acquire a letter of exoneration from their patients before performing a medical operation. The resort to this axiom is ijtihad against the plain text and authenticity of exoneration. Thus, it is not to be considered as "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about" due to the existence of an expediency of a type. The jurisprudents realize exoneration as the "Esqāt Mā Fi Al-Zimmah" meaning "the waiver of the thing to which an individual is obliged" hence negating "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about". This is while the majority of jurisprudents hold that the physicians are generally exonerated. Apparently, the nature of the common exoneration is in contradiction with the physicians’ specific exoneration based on the axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" meaning "the waiver of what is probable to come about". The present study tries elaborating the issue and offering a solution to this conflict. In line with this, the nature of the physicians’ exoneration and the reasons of its authenticity are seminally expressed and the axiom’s nature is explicated subsequently and the existing conflict and the solution to it are eventually investigated. Please cite this article as: Yousefvand Z. Ahmadi SMM. Moradkhani A. Asgari A. Physicians’ Exoneration by Resort to the Axiom "Esqāt Mā Lam Yajeb" [Waiver of what is Probable to Come about]. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 241-252. 1048 The Commercial Document Holder's Citizens' Rights Toward a Guarantor with a Critical Attitude to Judicial Precedent Dehghani Parviz University of Maragheh, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Law, Maragheh, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 253 266 22 04 2019 01 09 2019 According to legal regulations, endorsers of a commercial document hold severally liable against its holder; due to legal rules, the holder has some duties to perform. Among these duties, after the demand and protest for non-payment in legal time is litigation within a certain legal time. There are different opinions regarding inclusion of the guarantors in article 286 of Iran’s trade law and judicial procedures are also divided and vary, and according to some rulings of some branches of Iran’s Supreme Court, the guarantor is included in the subject of article 286 while some of the branches consider it outside of the article 286 subject. This difference resulted in the issuance of Supreme Court’s precedent decision no. 597 on 1995 May 2nd which rules on the exclusion of the guarantor in the subject of article 286 inclusion. In this paper, along with reviewing the ruling, the guarantor inclusion-exclusion cases in the subject and ruling of article 286 of the Iran’s trade law is determined; it is found that article 286 rules on endorser guarantor but the guarantor of other document’s responsibles are out of that. However, the court’s decision comprehensiveness is debatable. Hence, the document holder’s citizens’ rights is more clear toward the guarantor. Please cite this article as: Dehghani P. The Commercial Document Holder's Citizens' Rights Toward a Guarantor with a Critical Attitude to Judicial Precedent. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 253-266. 1049 Examining the Impact of Media on Increasing the Sense of Insecurity and Crime from the Perspective of Citizenship Rights Makhdoumi Amir Taha Esmaeili Mahdi Haji Tabar Firuzjaei Hasan Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Amol, Iran Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr Branch, Ghaemshahr, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr Branch, Ghaemshahr, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 267 278 04 03 2019 09 07 2019 Media and citizenship rights are interconnected in many ways. Considering the positive aspect, it can be asserted that in the field of citizenship life, media can spread information and awareness; and regarding the negative side, they can also be considered as making the context for the threat to citizenship by representing crime and provoking insecurity. Therefore, the media has dual impacts on the lives of citizens. However, from the aspect of examining the negative impacts of the media, one can point out their undesirable effects on increasing insecurity, fear of crime, its normalization and even the generalization of crime practices among all citizens. In this regard, the present study seeks to examine the impact of the media on increasing the sense of insecurity and crime from the perspective of citizenship law and provide solutions to counter the adverse effects of the media. From this perspective, security is regarded as one of the fundamental pillars of citizenship. The most important findings of the present study are that the media is also an agent contributing to the spread of insecurity by presenting crime, normalizing crime, fast transmission and educating criminals and thus, is considered as a threat to citizenship. Contrarily, the criminal laws of governments, the monitoring of the performance of media administrators, the need for a review of the content of media that provokes insecurity and the fear of crime, as well as the participation of citizens in monitoring and producing media content are among the solutions that can eliminate the media's undesirable effects while at the same time, defend citizenship rights. The present research is a descriptive-analytical one that utilizes documentary and library resources, papers and studies related to the subject to collect the data. Please cite this article as: Makhdoumi AT, Esmaeili M, Haji Tabar Firuzjaei H. Examining the Impact of Media on Increasing the Sense of Insecurity and Crime from the Perspective of Citizenship Rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 267-278. 1042 Ethical Effects of Institutions Exemption from Punishment and Postponement of the Conditional Discharge Emarati Mohammad Kazem Goldozian Iraj Aghaie Bajestani Maryam in Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Semanan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 279 291 10 02 2019 23 07 2019 Background and Purpose: Providing conditions for the Reconstruction and restoration of social offenders is one of the most important legal and criminal issues in different laws of the world that it in turn effects on social and individual ethics. Because it provides a way to ethically reform for society by conducting Reconstruction and restoration social offenders and ensuring that penalties are not repeated. . The present study seeks to examine the ethical implications and consequences of Institutions exemption from punishment and postponement of the conditional Discharge in domestic law. materials and methods: While our subject is Moral legitimacy in of Institutions exemption from punishment And postponement of The conditional Discharge, The use of legal and ethical texts as well as an examination of legal and criminal law as documents and sources on this subject are on the agenda. Therefore, the research approach is descriptive-analytical and the research method is qualitative. findings: The most important findings of the present study is that Institutions exemption from punishment And postponement of the conditional Discharge for individualization of penalties as well as the rehabilitation of non-dangerous criminals, create ethical and normative practices in Islamic society, and thus promote the principle of human dignity in the individual and Social. Conclusion: Rehabilitation and reform of human behavior in society is one of the main foundations of Islamic law and ethics. So helping to non-dangerous criminals can be a way to revive it in Islamic society. In addition, of Institutions exemption from punishment and postponement of the conditional Discharge can reduce the number of prisoners and improve the status of reformable criminals, which in turn has ethical legitimacy. Please cite this article as: Emarati MK, Goldozian I, Aghaie Bajestani M. Ethical Effects of Institutions Exemption from Punishment and Postponement of the Conditional Discharge. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 279-291. 1055 The System of Social Ethics from the Viewpoint of Rumi and Shahriar Shadigo Shahryar of Persian Language and Literature, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 293 308 23 05 2019 04 09 2019 Background and Aim: The system of social ethics in any society expresses the particular ethical behavior of its members, which can be influenced by the views of thinkers, theorists and poets in that society. Accordingly, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the social ethics system from the point of view of Rumi and Shahriar, who are two of the most famous poets of Iran in past and contemporary age. Materials and Methods: According to the approach of the present study, using the main sources and texts of poets such the mathnawi of Jalalu'adin Rumi and shahriar book of poems as the basis of the present discussion, it has been on the agenda. Accordingly, the approach of this study is a descriptive-analytical one that is done by qualitative method and considers the viewpoint of social ethics in rumi and Shahriar's thought. Findings: From rumi point of view, social ethics is achieved not by exclusion or homogeneity, but by the consideration of all social classes. Rumi, therefore, is advocate of pluralism while still being unitarianism, which embraces divine unity by embracing different ideas. Social ethics in Shahriar's thought is based on the cleansing and refinement of the incompatible elements of modernity and industrialization, as well as attention to the ethical challenges of contemporary humankind that refinement is achieved with return to ancient traditions. Conclusion: Rumi's social thought is based on a pluralistic acceptance of different beliefs, views, religions and tendencies that in turn, is a support for the peaceful life of man. It is therefore highly compatible with the Communitarian school approach. Shahriar's social thought can be achieved on the basis of a return to the ancient national and Islamic traditions and the patterning of the infallible Imams, which is more consistent with the Islamic ideological school as well as with critical thinkers in rejecting and criticizing the elements of modernity. At the same time, the scope of Rumi's social ethics is much broader than Shahriar social ethics system. Please cite this article as: Shadigo SH. The System of Social Ethics from the Viewpoint of Rumi and Shahriar. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 293-308.   1054 Individual and Social Rights of Future Generations in Environmental Health: Focusing on Human Rights Approach Afrough Abdolmohammad Mirabbassi Seyed Bagher Asgarkhani Abumohammad Moradi Maryam Department of law, Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran Department of law, Faculty of public Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of law, Faculty of public Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of law, Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 309 322 04 03 2019 09 07 2019 Individual and social rights have various dimensions which often constitute the major parts of international human rights. In the same vein, rights of future generations in the field of environmental health have been lately introduced into political and social circles in the form of solidarity rights. The current study intends to assay the future generations’ rights of enjoyment of environmental health in international law and Iranian law and also the need for conservation of environment for the future generations. It also seeks to provide solutions for the environmental challenges. Accordingly, the most important findings of the present research is the relationship of individual and social rights of future generations with human rights approaches due to acceptability and understandability of the problem of human rights for the world people, its high compatibility with the cultural and value elements of various societies, existence of various human rights institutions and organizations in most world countries and also the expansion of social media and movements in the field of human rights issues which in turn can pave the path for the realization of individual and collective rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. Particularly as to Iranian society, one should say that defense of human rights and institutionalization in this field based on Islamic and Iranian values and cultures can be considered as a path for defense of the rights of future generations in the field of environmental health. The present study takes advantage of descriptive-analytic method and the data have been collected using library documents and sources. Please cite this article as: Afrough A, Mirabbassi B, Asgarkhani A, Moradi M. Individual and Social Rights of Future Generations in Environmental Health: Focusing on Human Rights Approach. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 309-322. 1261 Exploring the Causality Relationship in Intentional Murder as Stated in Iran’s Islamic Penal Code of Law and Egypt’s Judicial Procedures and Matching them with Citizenship Rights Neisi Abdolamir Barati Farajollah Pajuhandeh Sayed Jasem Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law’s Basics, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law’s Basics, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law’s Basics, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 323 336 14 11 2020 21 12 2020 Background and Aim: The causality relationship is an intermediator binding the action and the result with the role of this relationship being the expression of the criminal action’s share of and effect on the final result; in this regard, nothing should have cut the criminal behavior’s connection to the result. It is in this regard that the relationship between the citizenship rights and the Islamic penal code of law gains meaning. Criminal trial procedures and Islamic penal code of law seek discovering and punishing the causality relationship and causation in the intentional murders and, in order to discover this relationship, although they are in the same line with the citizenship rights’ charter, there are rare cases in which the citizenship rights are likely to be neglected. Since these two (the action and the result) are material phenomena, the causality relationship falls in the position of the crimes’ material pillar whereas Egypt’s supreme court realizes the causality relationship as being laid on the foundation of two elements, i.e. material and intellectual. Materials and Methods: Using a descriptive-analytical method and doing library research and taking notes from the resources related to the match between the citizenship rights and Islamic penal code of law and making comparisons with Egypt’s judicial procedures, the present study tries exploring the causality relationship and causation in intentional murder. Considering the fact that this study has been conducted in comparison with Egypt’s legal system, the main constraint was the limitation in access to the resources, especially in Egypt’s legal system. Ethical Considerations: In all the study’s authoring stages, principle of trustworthiness and honesty have been observed. Findings: Findings signified that the Iranian legislator has realized it necessary in numerous cases such as article 492 of the Islamic penal code of law for the murder or any other crime’s actualization that the perpetrator’s behavior should have caused the result and the murder should be accordingly attributable to the perpetrator’s behavior. Conclusion: In various cases, the Iranian legislator has placed the veneration of citizenship rights atop of his agenda and realizes the ascription of murder to a perpetrator’s behavior as being necessary; the citizens’ freedoms have been also respected; the same procedures have also been stipulated in Egypt’s judicial procedures though there is no special article in Egypt’s penal code of law regarding the scale for the causality relationship; however, Egypt’s supreme court realizes the verification of causality relationship and causation as being necessary as mentioned in the issued judicial verdicts. Please cite this article as: Neisi N, Barati F, PajuhandehS J. Exploring the Causality Relationship in Intentional Murder as Stated in Iran’s Islamic Penal Code of Law and Egypt’s Judicial Procedures and Matching them with Citizenship Rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 323-336. 1250 The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Iran's Criminal Policy towards Environmental Protection Pourhoseyni Baqer Masoud Gholamhossein Shekarchizadeh Mohsen Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 337 351 01 02 2020 23 09 2020 Background and Aim: Preventive criminal policy is a branch of criminal policy that aims to determine and propose non-criminal measures to prevent delinquency in a community or a limited population. Entering the discussion of prevention in different areas can be for different reasons and interests. Regarding environmental issues, in addition to the issue of inefficiency of penalties, the requirements related to environmental issues, including the irreparable nature of many damages that are directly related to human life and the preservation of various natural issues, are doubly important to discuss prevention in this Gives. Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. Findings: The degree of intervention of individuals, the form of intervention, regulatory bodies and attention to basic human rights are among the issues that should be considered in the participation of people in crime prevention and its aspects should be well explained. Strategies based on social crime prevention by providing the grounds for human growth and excellence in public life, and since they often do not conflict with the private security and privacy of citizens, they are considered as useful and desirable solutions in prevention studies; however, studies show that these strategies are not able to prevent all crimes. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: Education and raising public awareness, the educational role of the actions of citizens and non-governmental organizations, the educational role of mass media, situational prevention, the supervisory role of individuals in environmental crimes, the supervisory function of non-governmental organizations, the supervisory function of mass media. The mass media in the form of popular observers and a wide audience can force these sectors to abide by the law and be cautious in their activities by choosing specific topics and focusing on the activities of the private sector. In this regard, ensuring the independence of the media as much as possible in creating a sense of trust in the media in the people is very important. Please cite this article as: Pourhoseyni B, Masoud GH, Shekarchizadeh M. The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Iran's Criminal Policy towards Environmental Protection. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 337-351. 1253 Marriage Age and Its Status in International Instruments Zamani Rasool Saberian Alireza Rouhani Maghaddam Mohammad Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 353 365 31 01 2019 29 11 2020 Background and Aim: Child Marriage has been repeatedly introduced as a harmful phenomenon in various books and articles. Many books and articles on the rights of children and spouses have been published in the international research space, but the common feature of these books and articles in the study of spouses with a statistical view in different regions and countries is clear. Existing international documents identify it as a clear violation of human rights and international statistics and studies show that the most vulnerable groups in this phenomenon are girls and children. The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze the concept of child marriage and its place in international and regional documents and resolutions of the current situation of the international community in the field of child marriage. Materials and Methods: This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles. Findings: The existing international approach in the field of child marriage considers poverty, deprivation of education and cultural and religious traditions as the main factors for the establishment of this phenomenon in the international community. This phenomenon can cause much harm to its victims, although the child of a spouse, regardless of gender, can also affect adolescent boys and expose them to many dangers and social and psychological harms. However, due to the large differences and differences in the rate of child marriage statistics among adolescent girls, this issue has received less attention due to its male victims. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Conclusion: Due to their responsibilities under various international instruments in the field of child marriage, especially international human rights instruments, countries that face this phenomenon more widely than other countries can adapt their domestic laws to the guidelines contained in these instruments to international standards in this field. Get closer and reduce the rate of child marriage and early marriages. International resolutions and conventions in this field, regardless of the binding or non-binding effect of these instruments on the members of the United Nations, can be the basis for the gradual development and extension of soft international law and customary rules and, consequently, the ratification of more binding treaties in this field. Please cite this article as: Zamani R, Saberian A, Rouhani Maghaddam M. Marriage Age and Its Status in International instruments. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 353-365. 1260 Prevention of Bank Managers’ Delinquency against Financial Facilities Based on Socio-Economic Citizens’ Rights Nowrozi Darebidi Zeinab Shekarchizadeh Mohsen Ghasemi Kahriz Sangi Razie Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran and Department of Law, Tiran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tiran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 367 378 12 02 2020 16 12 2020 Background and Aim: Confronting the bank managers’ delinquency is one of the socio-economic citizens’ rights that can minimize the formation and spread of corruption in the banking and economic system of the country. To this end, the present study examines the issue of crime prevention of bank managers in relation to financial facilities and considers the Merida Conference as a framework for discussion. Materials and Methods: The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical which has been written by collecting information from sources including books, articles, researches related to this research as well as international conferences and treaties. Findings: Dealing with crime and its prevention in the banking system is done by recognizing the category of crime and public awareness about it. Therefore, if the bank managers’ performance is not monitored or there is a lack of a proper mechanism to monitor financial facilities, the economic and social citizens’ rights as ultimate beneficiaries’ banking services will be reduced and public trust will be disrupted. Conclusion: Supervising the performance of banks and financial institutions, privatization based on deterrent laws in the field of bank managers’ crimes, involving people in the field of banking services through the promotion of electronic banking, virtual banking and also using new mechanisms to monitor the bank managers’ performance to some extent can prevent the bank managers’ delinquency. Please cite this article as: Nowrozi Darebidi Z, Shekarchizadeh M, Ghasemi Kahriz Sangi R. Prevention of bank managers’ delinquency against financial facilities based on socio-economic citizens’ rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 367-378. 1254 Investigating the Quality of Correcting and Rehabilitating the Criminals According to the Citizenship Rights’ Teachings in Incarceration Alternatives in the Laws of Iran and England Ahmadi Ali Janipour Karam Janipour Ali Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 379 394 13 02 2020 20 12 2020 Background and Aim: Crime is a behavior consisted of either doing or not doing of an action that is against the social order, on the one hand, and exposes the society to risks and damages, on the other hand, for its disruption of the social order. As an alternative to imprisonment, decarceration has always been amongst the principles related to citizenship rights taken into accounts also in the religious texts. The present study aims at the study of two legal systems, i.e. Iran and England’s, for the investigation of the incarceration-replaceable penalties and alternatives for the foresaid legal systems represent the Roman-German and Common Law systems, respectively. Materials and Methods: The study has been conducted based on documentary and library research method through the use of note-taking. Findings: Nowadays, no jurist can deny the accomplishments of the comparative laws that support the citizenship rights. In order to exploit the positive experiences of the other countries regarding the veneration of the citizens’ social and individual rights and freedoms, England’s legal system has been chosen for comparison with Iran’s for the enforcement of the incarceration-replaceable penalties is done under certain conditions as ruled in the laws of this country. Conclusion: In sum, Iran and England’s legal systems differ a lot concerning the incarceration alternatives. Apart from the existence of numerous stages that can relieve the criminal from incarceration before the court’s trial of the crime, it is necessary in the law system of England for the discounting and suspending factors to be enforced in the best possible way to the maximum possible extent in such a way that even passing a job-learning course in the adolescents’ correction centers with a high discipline score can exempt a robber from imprisonment. It can be vividly understood that the observance of the citizens’ rights has been the focal point of England’s laws and that their rights and freedoms matter even when in prison. Considering the fact that England’s jurists have succeeded in enacting the regulations of incarceration alternatives earlier than Iran, they have more information and more experiences in contrast to the Iranian jurists regarding the extent to which each of the penalties might be effective. Please cite this article as: Ahmadi A, Janipour K, Janipour A. Investigating the Quality of Correcting and Rehabilitating the Criminals According to the Citizenship Rights’ Teachings in Incarceration Alternatives in the Laws of Iran and England. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 379-394. 1255 Explaining the Jurisprudential Principles (Practical Rules Guaranteeing) Human Interaction with the Environment in the Health of Society Salehi Moghaddam Amir Mehdi Bahraminezhad Ali Darvisi Hoveyda Yousef Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 395 406 27 01 2020 07 09 2020 Background and Aim: A healthy environment for living is one of the divine blessings and one of the things that people pay attention to is the soul that is the source of human life; It is taken from a healthy environment, and a healthy environment requires constructive human interaction with them. Today, indiscriminate felling of trees and uncontrolled grazing, and destruction of the environment by humans are examples of this interaction, which unfortunately sees this balance upset. In the new age, God has created man free, but this right should not be in accordance with the rule of no harm, according to which Islam is opposed to harm, our aim in this study is to identify jurisprudential cases of respect for nature and constructive interaction with this divine blessing. Materials and Methods: The present study is descriptive and analytical and has been compiled using a library source and using the method of taking notes from books, articles and dissertations. Findings: The findings of this study show that the existing capacities in Islamic jurisprudence are such that verses and hadiths can be used to prove the human right to a healthy environment. In Islamic jurisprudence to use nature, as mentioned God created man free, but against this principle, there is also a harmless rule that warns against harming nature under any pretext, even citing the rule of domination. Conclusion: The religion of Islam, as the most complete religion, has foreseen all human rules and has thought of measures regarding man's relationship with nature. Man is a part of nature on the earth and a member of the organs growing on the body of nature. Human harm to nature is no different from harming oneself. Therefore, in order to protect and enjoy one's personal interests, it should not lead to the destruction and harm of nature. In Islam, there are two types of primary and secondary rulings. No harm should be prevented by creating secondary rulings and guaranteeing jurisprudential rules. Please cite this article as: Salehi Moghaddam AM, Bahraminezhad A, Darvisi Hoveyda Y. Explaining the Jurisprudential Principles (Practical Rules Guaranteeing) Human Interaction with the Environment in the Health of Society. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 395-406. 1266 The Rights and Duties of Couples in Jurisprudence and Subject Law with Emphasis on Citizenship Rights Derakhshan Somayyeh Masoumi Jamshid Vaziri Majid Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Faculty of Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 407 418 19 11 2019 23 12 2020 Background and Aim: Couples, as members of citizens, have rights and responsibilities that guarantee citizenship rights in society. Numerous studies have been conducted on the observance of women's citizenship rights and apart from the government, her husband is the most important person in guaranteeing In the holy Shari'a of Islam, the family is the most important element of the holy institutional society, which is formed on the basis of a healthy marriage and on the basis of kindness and mercy and the rights of men. And the duties and rules between couples are formed on the same basis. Materials and Methods: Our method in this research is descriptive-analytical using library resources. Ethical Considerations: In this article, it has been compiled while preserving the originality of the content and observing the principle of fairness and trustworthiness. Findings: With the emergence of citizenship rights and respect for the rights and freedoms of citizens, the preservation of human dignity and respect for the rights of fellow human beings from sovereignty to citizens and from citizens to each other, especially couples, affected the reading of verses and hadiths Depending on the different understandings that can be made from it, it can give different interpretations of it, which leads to different rulings in the couple's relationship; And these rulings also define the scope of their rights and duties in the form of citizenship rights. Conclusion: Considering that the rights and duties of couples include two common and specific types and the Holy Shari'a has set rules and rules for them, but some of these rules are influenced by some components, such as respect for individual rights and freedoms. And the society that is referred to as citizenship rights has changed and among the things that can be changed is: obedience, alimony, dowry, employment and leaving the wife's house, etc. and in some cases, morality, He used social customs as a criterion for action, which is discussed in the article. Please cite this article as: Derakhshan S, Masoumi J, Vaziri M. The Rights and Duties of Couples in Jurisprudence and Subject Law with Emphasis on Citizenship Rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 407-418. 1252 Decarceration in Light of the Charter of Civil Rights Shohani Majid Haghpanahian Abbas Mostafazadeh Fahim University of Justice, Tehran, Iran Faculty Member, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Justice, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) Faculty Member, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Justice, Tehran, Iran 1 5 2019 13 Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 419 432 23 01 2020 09 09 2020 Background and aim: In accordance with related works in most of countries, including Iran, penalty of imprisonment has not only been unsuccessful in achieving its goal of correcting offenders and preventing them from repeating a crime, but also the results have showed that prisoners have been deprived of their citizenship rights in prisons. Accordingly, many attempts have been made to emphasize the importance of decarceration. The present research aimed to explore the importance of decarceration from the standpoint of citizenship rights. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical method was used in this research. Findings: In this research causes for decarceration were studied from both theoretical and practical aspects. Intellectual and philosophical schools and the ideology of law which deem the penalty of imprisonment ineffective to correct offenders are categorized as theoretical reasons. On the other hand, the practical aspect is materialized by the legislator and the judicial system through issuing decarceration directives. Therefore, findings illustrated that the penal system shifted to decarceration due to the high cost of keeping offenders in prisons and imprisonment's failure to achieve its goals.  Conclusion: There has been multiple causes for decarceration in each government. However, the shortcomings in the policy of imprisonment on correcting offenders is considered the chief reason. For example, economic factors such as the high cost of maintaining prisons, a considerable rise in the number of criminal prisoners, especially in crimes associated with drugs, the failure in chastisement of offenders and preventing them from repeating crimes were Reza Khan's reasons to replace exile with imprisonment, and it was also followed by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah. However, after the Islamic revolution, religious reasons and high cost of keeping prisoners set the stage to issue an Act for the penal code in 2013. According to this law, imprisonment was expected not to be meted out to all types of crimes. Please cite this article as: Shohani M, Haghpanahian A, Mostafazadeh F. Decarceration in Light of the Charter of Civil Rights. Iran J Med Law, Special Issue on Human Rights and Citizenship Rights 2019; 419-432.