Medical Law Journal
مجله علمی پژوهشی حقوق پزشکی
MLJ
Literature & Humanities
http://ijmedicallaw.ir
1
admin
2008-4390
2476-7158
8
10.29252/ijml
14
2476-7158
13
fa
jalali
1401
1
1
gregorian
2022
4
1
16
57
online
1
fulltext
fa
مبانی حقوقی مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت در قبال پاندمی ـ کرونا
Legal Foundations of International State Responsibility for Pandemics - The Covid-19
پژوهشي
Original Article
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">زمینه و هدف: </span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">در</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">این</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">مقاله،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">مبانی مسئولیت دولت به دلیل عدم رعایت «مراقبت کافی» یا عدم اتخاذ اقدامات لازم متعارف در مقابله با پاندمی و نیز عوامل رافع مسئولیت دولت خاطی که عبارتند از فورسماژور، اضطرار و ضرورت و شروط اعمال آنها، مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار خواهد گرفت. در این زمینه، به این سؤال مهم پاسخ داده خواهد شد که آیا میتوان دولتها را در عرصه بینالمللی مسئول قصور یا عدم پیشگیری از گسترش شیوع داخلی و یا فرامرزی بیماری کرونا دانست؟ و نیز دولت آسیبدیده با رعایت چه شرایطی حق دارد به مسئولیت دولت متخلف توسل جوید.</span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">روش:</span></span></b> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">روش</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">تحقیق،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">توصیفی</span></span> <span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">ـ </span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">تحلیلی،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">و</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">روش</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">گردآوری</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">اطلاعات،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">کتابخانه</span></span><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">ای،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">با</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">تأکید</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">بر</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">مصوبات کمیسیون حقوق بینالملل، تفسیر</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">آرای</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">قضایی</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">و داوریهای بینالمللی و</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">متون</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">قانونی</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">و</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">تحلیل</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">دکترین حقوقی</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">است</span></span><span dir="LTR"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">ملاحظات اخلاقی:</span></span></b> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">در</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">تحقیق</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">حاضر،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">اصل</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">امانتداری،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">صداقت،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">بی</span></span><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%"></span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">طرفی</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">و</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">اصالت</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">اثر</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">رعایت</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">شده</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">است</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"B Nazanin""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">یافتهها:</span></span></b> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">عناصر و معیارهای گوناگونی برای ارزیابی تعهدات و رفتار دولتها وجود دارد. یکی از این معیارها، تمایز میان تعهدات اولیه و ثانویه دولتها در مقابله با همهگیری بیماری است. مبانی حقوقی تخلف از تعهدات اولیه دولتها که منجر به تعهدات ثانویه آنها میشود، نشاندهنده آنست که جهت اثبات مسئولیت دولت، </span></span><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">نقض تعهدات اولیه میبایست همراه با خطا، تقصیر و یا عدم رعایت استاندارد «مراقبت کافی» باشد.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="line-height:115%"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><b><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">نتیجهگیری:</span></span></b><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%"> در مقابله با همهگیری بیماری، عدم رعایت برخی مقررات و نظامات بهداشتی، در صورتی به عنوان نقض تعهدات تلقی میشوند که خطا، تقصیر و یا عدم رعایت استاندارد «مراقبت کافی» احراز شود. </span></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">دولتی خاطی با رعایت شروطی، میتواند به عوامل رافع مسئولیت که عبارتند از فورسماژور، اضطرار و ضرورت، استناد کند. در مقابل، دولت آسیبدیده با رعایت شروط و دولت غیر آسیبدیده در صورت اثبات </span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%">Erga Omnes</span></span><span lang="FA"><span style="line-height:115%">،</span></span> <span lang="AR-SA"><span style="line-height:115%">حق دارند به مسئولیت دولت متخلف توسل جوید.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Background and Aim: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">In this article, the legal foundations of State responsibility for pandemics due to the failure to observe "due diligence" standard of care in dealing with the pandemic, as well as the factors that preclude the responsibility, will be analyzed. The factors include force majeure, urgency and necessity. The main question is whether the State in the international arena be held responsible for the negligence or failure to prevent the spread of the internal or international spread of the disease?</span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Method: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">The research method is analytical-descriptive and the data collection method is library, with emphasis on interpretation of judgments, codifications of the International Law Commission, and legal texts and the analysis of the doctrines.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black"></span></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Ethical Considerations: </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">In this research, the principles of fidelity, honesty, impartiality and originality of the research have been observed.</span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Results: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">There are various elements and criteria to evaluate the States behavior, one of which is the distinction between primary and secondary obligations of States in dealing with pandemics. The violation of the primary obligations results in the secondary obligations. Therefore, in order to prove the responsibility of the State, the violation of the primary obligations must be accompanied by negligence, fault, or non-compliance with the "due diligence" standard of care</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">.</span></span></span></span><br>
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:107%">Conclusion: </span></span></b><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:107%">In dealing with pandemics, failure to comply with certain regulations and health systems are considered as a breach of obligations if negligence, fault, or non-compliance by the State is established. A responsible States may plead to factors or circumstances precluding the wrongfulness of conduct, such as force majeure, emergency and necessity. On the other hand, the injured State, subject to certain conditions, and the non-injured State, if proven erga omnes, have the right to resort to the responsibility of the State concerned</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="line-height:107%">.</span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Please cite this article as:</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Safari F. Legal Foundations of International State Responsibility for Pandemics - The Covid-19. Medical Law Journal.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> 2022</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">; 16(57</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">): e24.</span></span></span></div>
پاندمی؛ کووید-19؛ مسئولیت دولتها؛ تعهدات اولیه؛ بینالمللی؛ تعهدات ثانویه؛ کمیسیون حقوق بینالملل
Pandemics, Covid-19, Responsibility of States, Primary Obligations, Secondary Obligations, International Law
350
365
http://ijmedicallaw.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1696-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
Fariborz
Safari
فریبرز
صفری
safari.law@gmail.com
100319475328460011545
100319475328460011545
Yes
Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Hazrat-e Masoumeh University, Qom, Iran
گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه حضرت معصومه (س)، قم، ایران